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Paul Sarasin, full name Paul Benedict Sarasin (11 December 1856 - 7 April 1929)〔 was a Swiss naturalist and ethnologist.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3-593-50287-8, p. 223f.〕 He is known as founder of National parks in Switzerland.〔 (Bibliography of Paul Sarasin ). ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, accessed 9 August 2010.〕 ==Life and Work== Paul Sarasin studied medicine and natural science at the University of Basel with Leopold Ruetimeyer, where he also met Fritz Sarasin, and at the University of Würzburg. His dissertation had the title "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bithynia tentaculata" and was about the developmental history of a small aquatic snail.〔Eduard His: ''Basler Gelehrte des 19. Jahrhunderts.'' Benno Schwabe & Co., Basel 1941, S. 364 - 365.〕 Paul Sarasin was a second cousin of Fritz Sarasin.〔Coan E. V., Kabat A. R. & Petit R. E. (15 February 2009). (''2,400 years of malacology, 6th ed.'' ), 830 pp. + 32 pp. (of Collations ). American Malacological Society.〕 Paul and Fritz did not only work and travel together for scientific purposes but also had a close livelong friendship.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, S. 42 - 61〕 Both had their origins in the rich and powerful patrician families (''Patriziat''), which ruled their native city of Basel at this time.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, S. 43〕 Research of the Sarasins was primarily in the field of natural science: they collected geographical informations and also informations and objects related to Geology and Zoology (like Moluscs). Later, getting interested additionally in anthropology and ethnology, they collected also measures about the human body, they photographed and interviewed people, recorded their language and collected their works of art. Paul and Fritz Sarasin made several scientific expeditions to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Celebes (now Sulawesi). After their first journey to Ceylon 1883-1886 they stayed 1886-1893 in Berlin for evaluation and publication of results. 1890, 1902 and 1907 they travelled again to Ceylon and 1893-1896 to Celebes. After staying from 1896-1902 in Basel they went from 1902-1903 a second time to Celebes. In Celebes they tried to solve an open scientific question related to the theory of Evolution of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, about a detail concerned with the geographical distribution of plants and animals called the ''Wallace Line'', that is whether Celebes belonged in this regard more to Asia or to Australia.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, S. 195 ff. 〕 A network of scientists publishing in English, German, French and Dutch competed for a solution to this problem.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, S. 204 ff. 〕 Instead of a sharp line the Sarasins proposed a zone of gradual change and asked for research about the kind of connections of land which would explain the existing populations. 〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, p. 214.〕 In the context of the question of the origin and evolution of man Wallace had proposed a second line, hence called ''Wallace's other line'' east of the first line, separating two distinct groups of men: the Malay people in the West and the Papuan people in the East. To clarify this problem the Sarasins explored different groups and tribes in Cylon and Celebes, which they saw as ''varieties'' of men created differently by evolution and at different stages of biological and cultural development.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, p. 231ff, 278ff.〕 In Ceylon they visited and studied intensively a tribe called Weddas which they considered to be the oldest and original population of Ceylon, living mostly as hunters in the mountains and inner parts of Ceylon. They compared them to other groups in Ceylon, the Tamils and the Sinhalese. Later the Sarasins found a group of people in Celebes, in their opinion similar to the Weddas, the Toala and Toraja.〔Eduard His: ''Basler Gelehrte des 19. Jahrhunderts.'' Benno Schwabe & Co., Basel 1941, S. 367 - 369.〕 For their research the Sarasins crossed Celebes seven times on different routes. Since the island was at this time only loosely controlled by the colonial administration of the Netherlands, they had to travel through mostly unknown areas of the nearly independent kingdoms of ''Luwu'', ''Sidenreng'' and ''Bone''. These kingdoms belonged to the cultural groups named ''Bugis'' or ''Makassars''. Hierarchically structured, each with a king on top, elected by noble families, and an associated parliament of lower nobles, they competed for power and resources, like slaves, to produce coffee and spices, which they sold to the world-market. Lower groups of the Bugis and tribes from the inner mountainous parts of Celebes, like the Toraja, lived in a kind of slavery. According to the scientist B.C.Schär, the research of the Sarasin later led to the inclusion of these areas into the Dutch colonial imperium.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, p. 127ff.〕 When Fritz Sarasin travelled 1910 - 1911 to the islands of New Caledonia in the South Pacific, he met there with another ethnologist from Basel Felix Speiser, who at this time did research on the New Hebrides. Paul and Fritz could finance their research from their own, mostly inherited, wealth.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, p. 225.〕 From 1906-1912 Paul Sarasin was President of the commission for the Ethnological Museum of Basel. Paul and Fritz donated their rich collections to the Ethnological Museum. Alone from Celebes they brought back to Basel 1000 animals and plants, as well as 680 ethnographic objects and 600 photos.〔Bernhard C. Schär: ''Tropenliebe. Schweizer Naturforscher und niederländischer Imperialismus in Südostasien um 1900.'' Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3593502878, p. 8.〕 At the age of 62 Paul married 1918 Anna Maria Hohenester and got two children with her. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Sarasin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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